• It is well known that

  2022-04-07

  

  It is well known that histamine functions not only as an inflammation mediator but also as an aminergic neurotransmitter or neuromodulator. Histaminergic neurons [27], [28] and histamine receptor subtypes (H1R [29] and H3R [30]) are widely existed in mammalian central olfactory system. Histamine reg

• To prevent toxicity of free hemoglobin as well

  2022-04-07

  

  To prevent toxicity of free hemoglobin as well as its degradation metabolites heme and free iron, several scavenger proteins and degradation enzymes protect the body. Haptoglobin (Hp) is the most well described hemoglobin scavenging protein that binds free hemoglobin and transports it to macrophages

• br Synthetic Antagonists for FFA

  2022-04-06

  

  Synthetic Antagonists for FFA4 To date, only compounds from a single chemical series have been reported as FFA4 ‘antagonists’ (Table 1). ‘Compound 39’ (4-methyl-N-9H-xanthen-9-yl-benzenesulfonamide), now available from commercial vendors as AH-7614, was initially reported as an antagonist at this

• For some agonists these stable

  2022-04-06

  

  For some agonists, these stable GPR119 responses were resistant to washing. Thus, sustained activation could continue, for at least a number of hours, even after removal of free agonist. These data are consistent with reports for other GPCR systems that do not desensitize (Calebiro et al., 2009, Fer

• GPR is present primarily in the

  2022-04-06

  

  GPR119 is present primarily in the pancreas and the intestine. Activation of GPR119 increases insulin, GLP-1, GIP and PYY secretion. GPR119 agonists stimulate insulin release in a glucose-dependent manner. The glucose dependent insulin secretion (GIDS) mechanism makes GPR119 an attractive target for

• In three groups independently proposed two different mechani

  2022-04-06

  

  In 2001, three groups independently proposed two different mechanisms for the catalytic reaction of GlxI [5], [6], [7]. Richter and Krauss (RK) used HF/4–31G calculations of the active site, coupled with a frozen effective fragment potential description [8], [9] of eleven residues in the binding sit

• Crystal structures from soluble E constructs Khan

  2022-04-06

  

  Crystal structures from soluble E2 constructs (Khan et al., 2014; Kong et al., 2013) have revealed globular protein with no regular structure in spite of having eight disulphide bonds (Kong et al., 2013). Although 62% of the protein exists in loops or disordered structures, overall it was well-defin

• Here we studied the effects of BZ flurazepam FZ at

  2022-04-06

  

  Here we studied the effects of BZ flurazepam (FZ) at high doses in acute and chronic settings of tolerance and dependence in GluR-A−/− mice (Zamanillo et al., 1999). We used measurements in which the phenomenon of “learning while intoxicated” should play only a minor role in order to find out the si

• Recently multiple receptor agonists have been developed to

  2022-04-06

  

  Recently, multiple receptor agonists have been developed to treat type II diabetes (Finan et al., 2013, Finan et al., 2015). We have tested novel dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonists that showed good neuroprotective effects that are superior to single GLP-1 analogues (Cao et al., 2016, Jalewa et al., 20

• Some other neuroinflammatory neuroendocrine and neurotrophic

  2022-04-06

  

  Some other neuroinflammatory, neuroendocrine, and neurotrophic pathway but not the ghrelin/GHSR pathway may mediate the CUMS-induced depression- and anxiety-like behaivors. The endogeous ghrelin/GHSR pathway activated by chronic mild stress may plays a role in homeostasis. With respect to the mechan

• ETV plays an important role in tumorigenesis and metastasis

  2022-04-06

  

  ETV5 plays an important role in tumorigenesis and metastasis. For example, chromosomal rearrangement of ETV5 which results in increased ETV5 level is believed as a common event driving human prostate cancer (Helgeson et al., 2008; Huang and Waknitz, 2009). Ghrelin/acyl-ghrelin also plays an importan

• br Learning from our ancestors As mentioned earlier homologu

  2022-04-06

  

  Learning from our ancestors As mentioned earlier, homologues of all γ-secretase components have been identified in plants and protozoans, some of which have emerged as model systems for the study of γ-secretase independent functions of the presenilins [27]. The moss P. patens was the first plant

• Acknowledgements br Introduction Alzheimer s disease AD is

  2022-04-06

  

  Acknowledgements Introduction Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder and the leading cause of dementia. There is currently no treatment available to slow or halt disease progression. The underlying mechanisms of AD on the cell and molecular levels are still not comp

• Similar to C lividipennis RDL Jiang et al we

  2022-04-06

  

  Similar to C. lividipennis RDL (Jiang et al., 2015), we found that the intracellular loop variants of A. mellifera RDL had no effect on GABA EC50 (Table 1). Also, as with C. lividipennis, there was no significant difference in maximal GABA responses (Table 1). However, whereas the 31 amino acid inse

• In fish little information about Gpr

  2022-04-06

  

  In fish, little information about Gpr84 is available. We have revealed that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces significantly up-regulation of zebrafish , and zebrafish overexpression markedly increased the LPS-stimulated production of the cytokine []. Here we expanded on these studies to further inves

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